Peptic Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

What is a Peptic Ulcer?

A peptic ulcer is a sore that forms on the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. These sores can cause pain and discomfort. In fact, peptic ulcers are common and affect millions of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), many people may not know they have an ulcer until symptoms appear. Early detection is important for proper care.

Common Causes of Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcers develop for several reasons. However, the two main causes are:

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: This bacteria weakens the stomach lining, making it easier for acid to cause a sore.

Frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Medicines like ibuprofen and aspirin can irritate the stomach lining.

In addition, other factors may increase your risk:

Smoking

Drinking alcohol

High stress levels

Family history of ulcers

Although spicy foods and stress were once blamed, experts now know these do not directly cause ulcers. Still, they may make symptoms worse.

Recognizing Peptic Ulcer Symptoms

Peptic ulcer symptoms can vary. Sometimes, people have no symptoms at all. Yet, common signs include:

Burning pain in the stomach, often between meals or at night

Bloating or feeling full quickly

Frequent burping

Nausea or vomiting

Dark or black stools (a sign of bleeding)

Unexplained weight loss

If you notice any of these symptoms, especially if they are severe or ongoing, you should seek medical advice. Early care can prevent complications.

How Peptic Ulcers are Diagnosed

Doctors use several methods to diagnose a peptic ulcer. First, they will ask about your symptoms and medical history. Next, they may recommend tests such as:

Breath test: This checks for H. pylori infection.

Stool or blood tests: These can also detect H. pylori or signs of bleeding.

Upper endoscopy: A thin tube with a camera looks at your stomach lining.

Barium swallow X-ray: You drink a special liquid, and X-rays show any sores.

With these tests, doctors can find the cause and decide the best treatment.

Treatment Options for Peptic Ulcers

Ulcer treatment options depend on the cause. Most often, doctors recommend:

Antibiotics: These kill H. pylori bacteria if present.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These lower stomach acid to help healing.

H2 blockers: These also reduce acid production.

Protective medications: These coat the ulcer and protect it from acid.

In rare cases, surgery may be needed if the ulcer does not heal or causes bleeding. Always follow your doctor’s advice and finish all prescribed medicines.

Lifestyle Tips and Prevention Strategies

While medicine treats ulcers, healthy habits can help prevent them. Here are some tips on how to prevent peptic ulcers:

Wash hands often to avoid H. pylori infection

Limit use of NSAIDs; use alternatives when possible

Stop smoking, as it slows healing

Limit alcohol, which can irritate the stomach

Eat regular, balanced meals

Manage stress with relaxation techniques

By following these steps, you can lower your risk of developing ulcers.

When to See a Doctor

Sometimes, peptic ulcers can cause serious problems. You should see a doctor right away if you have:

Severe or sudden stomach pain

Bloody or black stools

Vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds

Ongoing nausea or vomiting

Unexplained weight loss

Early treatment can prevent complications like bleeding or a hole in the stomach lining. Do not ignore these warning signs.

For personalized advice on peptic ulcer management, consult a gastroenterologist at Capital Clinics.