Colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the inside of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube with a camera and light at its tip, called a colonoscope, is inserted through the anus and guided through the colon. This allows doctors to visualize the lining of the colon, identify abnormalities such as polyps, inflammation, or tumors, and take tissue samples for biopsy if needed.

The procedure is typically performed in a hospital or outpatient clinic under sedation to ensure patient comfort. Before the colonoscopy, patients are usually required to follow a special diet and take laxatives to cleanse the colon, ensuring optimal visualization.

During the procedure, the colonoscope is gently advanced through the colon, allowing the doctor to examine the entire length of the colon. If polyps or other abnormalities are found, they can be removed or biopsied during the procedure.

Colonoscopy is an essential tool for the early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer, as it can identify precancerous growths (polyps) and remove them before they become cancerous. It is also used to diagnose and monitor various gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and diverticulosis.

Overall, colonoscopy is a safe and effective procedure that plays a crucial role in maintaining colorectal health and preventing colorectal cancer. It is recommended for adults over the age of 50 as part of routine colorectal cancer screening, and may be recommended earlier or more frequently for individuals with certain risk factors or symptoms.